Energy Is The Primary Reason - 904 Words

Energy is the primary reason because of which we have been able to enjoy far better standards of living than what we used to enjoy just a century ago. It has enabled the industrial revolution, agricultural revolution and manifold increase in speed of communication. All of this combined leads to improvements in living standard that is within reach of mankind. But this energy is not without any cost, it entails with it associated costs to our air, water and land along with changing climate (signified by rapidly melting glaciers and polar ice caps). And weather the energy which we use can be sustained for long time or not depends on if it is renewable or not, also weather it produces lot of pollutants or not. In Florida an average household uses energy in home in the form of cooking gas which is derived directly from the natural gas (LPG). For domestic purposes electricity is used that can be produced from gas or coal or nuclear sources or any other renewable. In transportation petroleu m is used which is non renewable. In work place for running computers or any other machines electricity is used. Also for cooking biomass which is a renewable source is also used. In the form of electricity which is produced in Florida is primarily from Coal (2900 GWh), Nuclear energy (1400 GWh) than followed by which has Natural gas (900 GWh) (http://www.eia.gov/state/?sid=FL). Domestic consumption is constitutes 20.8 % of total energy available. On the other hand transportation which utilizesShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming And Its Effect On The Global Environment1144 Words   |  5 Pagesand floods. The primary reason for global warming has been identified as the continuous increase in energy demand by the global population, which has further increased the dependence of global energy industry on burning fossil fuels. Accordingly, a review of literature is conducted to assess the primary reasons and possible solutions of global warming, in order to protect the global environment in the shorter as well as longer run. Summaries Bose, B. K. (2010). Global warming: Energy, environmentalRead MoreA Research Paper Rough Draft1218 Words   |  5 Pagesconverting fossil fuels into energy. People are able to take the fossilized remains and turn them into the everyday fuel everyone in the world uses. However, the energy humans have been using is not clean. The more people use fossil fuels, the more the planet dies. Fortunately, scientists and engineers were able to come up with ways to renew energy. They created new technologies that are capable of harvesting the sun’s rays, water currents, and wind power. Even though renewable energy sources like this haveRead MoreThe Depletion of Energy Sources Due to Global Warming795 Words   |  3 PagesEnergy represents an important aspect in our life for all living creatures. It was defined as the quantity that will be assigned to every particle, object and the systems of objects (Harper, 2007). Besides that, energy plays a fundamental role in the continuous developm ent and the economic growth of every country. Meanwhile, the depletion of energy sources and the global climate change push the world to look for better solutions in the sustainable sources of energy (Dermirci and Miele, 2009). 1Read MoreQuiz on Ecological Trophic Pyramid677 Words   |  3 PagesEcological Trophic Pyramid Of the primary producers selected which one do you think has the biggest impact on the ecosystem you researched? Of the primary producers found in this environment, probably the one with the biggest impact on the ecosystem is grass because the blades feed the primary consumers who then feed the rest of the food chain. Although other plants also fulfill this function, grass is eaten in the most abundant quantities and also grows the most. What species did you selectRead MoreElectrical Device Between Two Circuit Through Electromagnetic Induction1205 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION The transformer is an electrical device which transfers energy between two circuit through electromagnetic induction. Transformer may be used as a safe and efficient voltage changer to change the Alternating Current voltage at it’s input to a higher and lower voltage at its output without changing it’s frequency. Other uses include current conversion, isolation with or without changing impedance and voltage conversion. A transformer consists of two windings of wire that are wound aroundRead MoreNuclear Energy And Nuclear Power Essay1582 Words   |  7 PagesNuclear Energy For many Americans, the electric bill is the most dreaded bill to arrive each month; it is always expensive, yet it doesn’t have to be. To lower electricity costs for citizens and businesses, the Unites States could increase its use of nuclear power. Nuclear energy is created when an unstable radioactive element decays and emits nanoparticles called radiation. With today’s current technology, the emission of these atoms as well as the energy released can be controlled and used inRead MoreThe Car Of The Future879 Words   |  4 Pagesinternal combustion engines are the primary engines used for cars and other vehicles in the world today (â€Å"Model T†). These engines are in the same vehicles that people use every day and fill gas with to fulfill their needs. The world fossil fuel and global warming crises ask for an alternative that reserves energy and lowers emissions. That alternative is the electric engine. The recent innovations in electric engineering have made electric vehicles more energy efficient, quieter, and cleaner thanRead MoreAir Pollution Essay958 Words   |  4 Pagessplit into primary and secondary pollutants. Primary pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide, are ones directly released into the atmosphere. Secondary pollutants, like smog for example, are the result of primary pollutants intermingling with the already existing particles in the atmosphere. The largest source of air pollution in most any city environment is vehicle exhaust, which releases high amounts of carbon dioxide. Fossil fuels also present a wider scale problem when they are burned for energy in powerRead MoreAmerican History: Study Notes1649 Words   |  7 Pagesto bring about a successful conclusion of the crisis, added to the fact that he was unable to deal with an energy crisis, led to his being perceived as weak and ineffectual and sank his chances for a second term. President Jimmy Carter delivered an address to the nation on July 15, 1979 which has been called his Crisis of Confidence speech. While he had intended to speak about the energy crisis that was crippling the American economy, he instead spoke about what he called a crisis of confidenceRead MoreNew Energy for the Future1358 Words   |  6 PagesNew Energy for the Future For years man has relied on energy in order to be successful in life. The industrial revolution relied on coal for the new inventions brought into the world. Life as has never been the same since then. However since that time, there has been little done to improve on energy efficiency and humans still primarily rely on fossil fuels for energy. For over a hundred years the Earth has become more polluted and dirtier than ever before. Now, with new, innovative technology there

The Effects Of Age Related On The Motivation Of Learning...

A Review of the Research on Age-Related Differences in the Motivation of Learning EFL Abstract: The investigation on the language learning motivation has long been the active field among the linguistics. This essay is a review study of a research made by Judit Kormos and Kata Csizer who aimed to test the theory of Dà ¶rnyei, namely L2 motivational self system (Dà ¶rnyei, The L2 motivational self system, 2009) by focusing on the learners’ motivation in studying English as a foreign language in three different groups of people in Hungary: secondary school students, university students and adult language learners. Key words: Motivation; Age; Research Review 1. Introduction Motivation was firstly studied by Gardner Lambert in 1959. During the past decades, L2 motivation has been a focus in the empirical studies under the context of second language learning. In terms of L2 motivation, Researches on the time dimension of L2 motivation are essential to our developing investigations of L2 motivation throughout the lengthy process of learning and teaching (Ghenghesh, 2010). This essay is a review about Judit Kormos and Kara Crizer work named Age-related Differences in the Motivation of Learning English as a Foreign Language: Attitudes, Selves, and Motivated Leaning Behavior in 2008 on the motivation of learning English as a foreign language (EFL) among three different age group population in Hungary. They also verify the validity of Dornyei’s L2 motivational self system. The systemShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Teachers Motivational Strategies On Second Language Learning2074 Words   |  9 PagesThe Effects of Teachers’ Motivational Strategi es on Second Language Learning Hamline University Meghan Scheidel April 5, 2015 Introduction Student motivation and engagement is crucial for success in language learning. Motivation has been widely discussed by leading scholars like, Dornyei and Gardner (use first names) of Second Language Acquisition (SLA), particularly focusing on how it affects English Language Learners (ELLs) performance in various aspects of the L2 languageRead MoreMotivators That Do Not Motivate: The Case of Chinese EFL Learners and the Influence of Culture on Motivation8163 Words   |  33 PagesChinese EFL Learners and the Influence of Culture on Motivation JUDY F. CHEN The Overseas Chinese Institute of Technology Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China CLYDE A. WARDEN National Chung Hsing University Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China HUO-TSAN CHANG National Changhua University of Education Chunghua, Taiwan, Republic of China It is a capital mistake to theorize in advance of the facts. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, The Adventure of the Second Stain (1930, p. 657) Language learning motivationRead MoreThe Article By Jan H. Hulstijn And Batia Laufer1266 Words   |  6 Pagesby which the tasks can be described as more effective than the others. The authors explain the motivation of their study by providing an important step in further understanding of the process of vocabulary acquisition. Methods: The article provides a detailed description of two experiments investigating whether second language learners’ ability to incidentally remember vocabulary depends on learning tasks and their â€Å"involvement loads†. The students in two different countries were divided intoRead MoreTeaching Second / Foreign Language From Contractive Analysis Point Of View And Discusses How It Helps Develop Learners5957 Words   |  24 Pagess language system and the way it changes over time is investigated. The importance of pragmatics in language use and how it can change meaning in a given context is also discussed. To make use of code-switching, different models and taxonomies related to it are reviewed based on which beneficial teaching techniques and useful classroom activities are suggested. In this study the researcher provides a theoretical guideline based on which teachers can use codeswitching as a useful technique to helpRead MoreEfl Students’ Attitudes Towards Learning English Language: the Case of Libyan Secondary School Students Dr. Mohamad Jafre Zainol Abidin School of Educational Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia E-8923 Words   |  36 Pageswww.ccsenet.org/ass Asian Social Science Vol. 8, No. 2; February 2012 EFL Students’ Attitudes towards Learning English Language: The Case of Libyan Secondary School Students Dr. Mohamad Jafre Zainol Abidin School of Educational Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia E-mail: Jafre@usm.my Majid Pour-Mohammadi (Corresponding author) Department of English Translation, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran Tel: 60-17-605-4350 E-mail: majid.pourmohammadi@gmail.com Hanan Alzwari SchoolRead MoreFactors Affecting the Second Language Learners Fluency.2158 Words   |  9 Pagesquestions such as: What is fluency? Are there different types of fluency? Do social factors have the same influence on (SLLF) or not? Theoretical background To answer the research question and the sub-questions, I will rely on different writings related to the subject such as books, articles and electronic resources. Proficiency and Fluency One of the problems which faced many researchers is to define fluency accurately. Leeson (1975:136) suggested that fluency is the faculty of the speaker to createRead MoreLearning Vocabulary And Impacts Of Reading Essay10232 Words   |   41 Pagesreviews the literature from the past researches or opinions about the important of the learning vocabulary and impacts of reading and short story in the scope of language learning and teaching and also the relation between reading, short story and vocabulary learning. Theattention of this section especially is on reviewing of the impacts of the reading story on English, especially, vocabulary learning of the EFL learners. For the first part of this chapter, it’s better to start with the definitionRead MoreThe Use of Literature in Teaching English as a Foreign Language6056 Words   |  25 Pagesproblems encountered by language teachers within the area of teaching English through literature( i.e. lack of preparation in the area of literature teaching in TSL/TEFL, programs, absence of clear-cut objectives, defining the role of literature in ESL/EFL, language teachers not having the background and training in literature, lack of pedagogically-designed appropriate materials that can be used by language teachers in a classroom context) are taken into account. 1. Introduction In recent yearsRead MoreA Review on Reading Theories and Its Implication to the Teaching of Reading5137 Words   |  21 Pagesfor students learning to read in their second language (SL) or foreign language (FL). For students who are learning a SL/FL reading is the most crucial skill to master due to several reasons. First, students can usually perform at a higher level in reading than in any other skills. They can quite accurately understand written materials that they could not discuss orally or in writing with equivalent accuracy or thoroughness. Such condition will undoubtedly enhance their motivation to learn. SecondRead MoreSelf Efficacy Of Students And Its Effect On Academic Achievement1852 Words   |  8 PagesAssessment Of Faculty Staff Support and Sense of Self Efficacy of Students and Its Effect on Their Academic Achievement. Protocol Submitted For Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement of the Master Degree in Nursing Services Administration By Zeinab Ahmed Mohammed Abd Elnaby. B .Sc. Nursing Tanta University [2011] Under Supervision Of Assist. Prof. Kareema Ahmed Assistant Professor of Nursing Administration Faculty of Nursing Tanta University DR. Nora Ahmed

Factors Affecting Transformation in Architecture Free Essays

As quoted by Greek philosopher Heraclitus –â€Å"Everything alterations and nil bases still.†Its right to state that with clip there is a alteration in life style, civilization and environment which tends worlds to reform their heads and milieus. We adapt ourselves to our environment and milieus. We will write a custom essay sample on Factors Affecting Transformation in Architecture or any similar topic only for you Order Now Our first immediate context is the surrounding in which we live – shelter. The intent of shelter is to assist fulfill the physical and psychological demands of adult male. This calls for a shelter that would protect and carry through all the demands. This shelter is what we term as house. â€Å"Shelter is of supreme importance to adult male. It is the premier factor in his changeless battle for endurance. In his attempts to shelter himself against the extremes of conditions and clime he has, over the ages, evolved many types of dwellings.†( Schoenauer, N A ; Seeman, S 1962, p3 ) â€Å"The house is an establishment created for a complex set of intents. The edifice of it is a cultural phenomenon and its signifier and organisation are greatly influenced by the cultural surroundings to which it belongs†¦ If the proviso of shelter is the inactive map of the house, so its active intent is the creative activity of an environment best suited to the manner of life of people.†( Bhalla, A 1998, p5 ) The above really clearly states that the signifier and design of the brooding unit is based on the clime and civilization ( manner of life of people ) . Both of these factors are transforming due to invasion of scientific discipline therefore transforming the life spaces we reside in. This is an effort to analyze these germinating fluctuations of brooding unit from traditional typology of courtyard house to match-box type flats in Delhi, chiefly concentrating on the latter. Delhi being the one of the antediluvian every bit good as newest metropolis, provides us with the chance for analyzing non merely the earlier or latest form but besides all the subsequent phases of development. In Delhi, lodging transmutations have changed general traditional form of house signifier to modern-day manner of mass lodging to run into the increasing demands of lodging stock and to carry through modern aspirations of people. Assorted inquiries raised during the brainstorming that the survey needs to reply: Change in life infinites was required or it’s merely the western influence? How edifices response to civilization, are they interlinked? How the altering life style has changed the typology of brooding unit? What are the factors behind these transmutations? Are we heading towards right alteration? To happen replies to above inquiries, I would wish to analyze an illustration of brooding unit of Shahjahanabad, Colonial Delhi, and plotted development each and research on the development of flats from DDA Housing to Co-operative Housing to latest tendency of P.P.P. ( Public Private Partnership ) . Factors act uponing the transmutations There is displacement from ancient house designs to current times. House in older times was a topographic point of societal assemblage where people had their emotions attached, with more people but less furniture / contraptions while today house is like a large machine with less people managing all the hello – tech appliances. This is the journey from the natural airing to conditioned air, from natural visible radiation to LED, from societal amusement to telecasting, from green Fieldss to high rise edifices and so on. There are some influencing factors that lead to these alterations and hence taking to alter in reinforced signifiers. These determiners are listed in assorted ways by assorted writers, philosophers, designers, pupils etc. For illustration ; Ar.Charles Correa, in his essay ‘Transfers and Transformations’ , referred thatâ€Å"architecture is at the intersection of major three forces. The first represents engineering and economic sciences, the 2nd, civilization and history, and the 3rd, the aspiration of people†¦ Architecture is an agent of chage.†All three forces are altering with the clip and hence altering the architectural manner. Point of views of some more people are discussed below: Assorted factors considered by Amos Rapoport in his book ‘House, Form and Culture’ to analyze their influence on the built signifier are: Climate: Climatic determinism has been widely accepted in architecture. One demand non deny the importance of clime in finding the function in the creative activity of reinforced signifier. We build houses to maintain in a consistent clime, and to maintain out marauders. Materials, Construction, and Technology: These are non the signifier determiners but are the modifying factors. They decide neither what is to be built nor its signifier. They make possible the enclosure of a infinite organisation decided upon for other grounds, and perchance modify that organisation. They facilitate and make possible or impossible certain determinations, but ne’er decide or determine signifier. Change of stuffs does non needfully alter the signifier of house. Site / Topography: It is non certain that any consistent theory of site as a signifier determiner has of all time been proposed. It is still a inquiry if the site has finding influence on the reinforced signifier. Defense: Defense has been cited more to account for tight urban forms that to find the signifier of homes. Economicss / Occupation: Economicss has been widely used to explicate colony and edifice signifier and its importance is so great. For illustration, herder life among agricultural people fails to accept their economic system, manner of life and house signifier. Religion / Culture: Amos Rapoport refers to the ‘The Temple and the House’ by Raglan who demonstrated that the house is much more than merely a shelter, there is something ‘the sacredness of the house’ . Some civilizations separated the house from their faith while for some – the house was the lone temple. Amos Rapoprt inferred that faith affects the signifier, program, spacial agreements and the orientation of the house but that is non cosmopolitan or inevitable determiner. He linked the civilization to faith and stated the illustrations from all over the universe where colonies and built signifiers are influenced by the universe and waies as proposed by faith. Basic demands: There are some basic demands as considered by Amos in his book ‘House, Form and Culture’ that determines the house signifier such as household, place of adult females, privateness and societal intercourse. Assorted factors considered by Dharmender Aggarwal in his thesis ‘Transformations of residential countries in walled metropolis of Delhi – Shahjahanabad’ to analyze their influence on the transmutations of life infinites are: Role of Lifestyle: The mentality of adult male alterations from clip to clip. The manner he sees the universe around him, the mode in which he wants to set up with the exterior, the manner universe is like to projected to him and the manner in which he would wish to project himself – all these constitute major portion in his life style and all these shapes the infinite in which he lives. Personal values: The adult male has become more introvert. Peoples want minimal and formal dealingss with others. The nature of attitude towards outside universe has changed. As the house to suit human existences along with his values, hence such alteration in his values do alter the house signifier. Besides, people’s personal picks have changed, aesthetic values have alterations which calls for the transmutation in their home unit. Social values: The households are interrupting up. The construct of joint household is no more acceptable to bulk of people. The house which used to associate to larger graduated table is now related to smaller graduated table and therefore less complexness. Now, one wants minimal intercession and the sense of district is more definite. Such alterations do find the house signifier. House Hold Properties: The industrial revolution has great impact on many frontages of society. The industry and scientific discipline have more to offer for luxury, for amusement, for functional installation and comfort. These add-ons have changed the life style and house signifier has to react to these alterations. Climate: Climate has major influence in the alteration of house signifier. Temperature, humidness, air current, rain, and radiation are major constituents of clime that need to be taken attention for while finding the house signifier. Material and Construction Technology: Material and building engineering have important impact on the house signifier. Handiness of Land: Handiness of land affects the transmutation due to degree of division and alteration of land usage form. The subdivision leads to higher denseness and accelerator to transmutation. Deducing from above and as per my apprehension and treatment with my usher, following are the determiners act uponing the transmutations of life infinites: img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.004.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.003.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.002.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.001.png" img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.006.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.005.png"Housing = Land + Development + House Sociable: Social is a wide term that brings under many sub factors under itself. It constitutes cultural, personal and spiritual determiners. With the fast moving lives, we are at a phase where we have about left behind our ancient societal values. In older times, similar households non merely stayed together buta ­Ã‚ ­lsofunctioned as one immense macro household where differentiations were few. With the gradual dissolution of the household system and diffusion of society, the households moved off and the demand to remain together was no longer felt. Therefore, these yearss, atomic households are more than joint households, particularly in metro metropoliss like Delhi. Peoples are self sustained in footings of interaction. They have their ain appliances to be busy with alternatively of societal interaction and if they have societal interactions, so those are merely the formal 1s. It is the clip of more of individuality. As we are heading towards a globalisation, aspirations of people have changed, civilization have taken a bend. Now, house is non merely a shelter but it represents the position symbol. Conditioned anteroom with LED telecasting has replaced unfastened to flip courtyards, acquiring off from nature. The civilization has been influenced by west so much that it has changed the attitude and behavior within the household construction. The individuality has evolved really strongly in present times. Now, every single member in household demands their ain private infinite in the house while in earlier times, household of 10 kids slept, read and resided in individual room / courtyard. Earlier household functioned under the leading of individual caput. The members followed and respected his / her sentiment. In class of clip, household grew smaller and the kids and adult females gained equal importance. Due rise in position of adult females, direct effect can seen on house, kitchen has become a t opographic point of chief accent while planing, while earlier, it was the most ignored component. The present coevals have let lavatories to come in their sleeping rooms as compared to traditional times when those were placed off from house. Therefore, with changing civilization we need to transform the infinites we inhabit in. Hence it is really justly statedâ€Å"The house signifier is non a simple effect of physical forces or any individual insouciant factor, but is the effect of a whole scope of socio – cultural factors seen in their broadest terms.†( Seminar 4, 2002, p62, S.P.A. ) Economic / Functional: The house needs to supply the needed infinite for every map. But in the class of clip, the maps to be served have wholly changed. Earlier it was the cookery, sleeping and other family work to be done in house and besides to function as their topographic point for business. Peoples used have cowss, farm equipments, and the storage, but now, one has segregated their business wholly from their house. Today’s house is merely supposed to be lived in holding the upper limit installations, doing the life at its best. Besides, with the globalisation and entrance of MNC’s in and around Delhi, it has increased buying power of certain subdivision of society. With this, people are choosing for latest engineering. Again this engineering has intruded in all the parts of house from populating to bathroom, therefore altering the signifier of house. The new house has become the premier means to denote their reaching in higher category. Therefore, economic system has direct effect on the house. Climatic: The house needs to be built in coordination with the clime to supply comfy environment to the dweller. Though, there is non much alteration in clime of Delhi from earlier times, but there is debut of engineering and newer theories that lay down guidelines to construct. Earlier excessively we had guidelines that might be based on clime, but were practised in the name of God. Since we have intervened new proved guidelines and advanced engineering, therefore we have transformation in the life infinites. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.008.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.013.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.012.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.011.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.008.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.010.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.009.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.008.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.008.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.008.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.007.png"Identifying the consecutive lodging typol ogies in Delhi from 17Thursdaycentury to current times. How to cite Factors Affecting Transformation in Architecture, Essay examples

Evidence Based Health Practice Adjuvant Chemotherapy

Question: Describe about the Evidence Based Health Practice for Adjuvant Chemotherapy. Answer: A critique of Jeffs, E., Wiseman, T. (2013). Randomised controlled trial to determine the benefit of daily home-based exercise in addition to self-care in the management of breast cancer-related lymphoedema: a feasibility study.Supportive Care in Cancer,21(4), 1013-1023. Breast cancer related lymphoedema (BCRL) has long been identified as an additional repercussion to women cancer survivors impeding their normal lives. Therapeutic interventions to address their conditions by means of suitable exercise and self care strategies have been proposed to result in positive outcomes for the patients. However, dearth of evidences to support the hypothesis was found in the context of BCRL that may create a gap in practice and clinical research. Therefore, to procure insight into this matter, other literatures need to be reviewed thoroughly to obtain better understanding. CONSORT 2010 checklist helps to critically appraise the published trial reports. A critical appraisal of this article published in 2013 will be done in accordance with the CONSORT 2010 checklist utilizing RCT to evaluate the feasibility of daily home based exercise interventions before undertaking a larger RCT to treat stable BCRL in women. Title and Abstract The article (Jeffs Wiseman, 2013) under consideration clearly states the research study conducted as the randomized controlled trial in the name of the title itself. Further in the structured abstract portion, the research design, methodology adopted, important findings and relevant conclusions that can be extrapolated from the results have been mentioned in a comprehensive manner. Introduction Background and Objectives Breast cancer have thwarted the lives of a large proportion of women worldwide and reports of the chronic condition of lymphoedema in the breast cancer survivors following treatment have been found to negatively impact their quality of living to a great extent and the number is surging. Evidence based studies pertinent to breast cancer related lymphoedema (BCRL) have highlighted on the symptoms, diagnosis, reduction of risks and management strategy to tackle this debilitating problem (Fu, 2014). Evidences contraindicates that manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) is not suitable for preventing or managing BCRL (Huang et al., 2013). Other studies have provided alternative, superior and cost-effective tool such as measurement of tissue dielectric constant (TDC) to estimate the changes in the water content of the tissues thereby acting as an indicator of early onset of BCRL (Haen, 2012). Upper body resistance exercises have borne positive implications for cancer survivors with BCRL fostering improved physical functionality and overall health status in some studies (Cormie et al., 2013). Similar findings support the view that high intensity resistance exercise training (RET) has the potential to influence the muscular strength in the breast cancer survivors with BCRL (Nelson, 2016). Thus, the efficacy of the proposed exercise regime as a treatment modality to tackle BCRL in the chosen article can be very well corroborated with other studies of similar kind. The primary objective set up by the investigators emphasizes in differentiating the declined levels of the excess limb volume (ELV) among both the studied groups, with the control group subjected to only self care phase and the interventional group experiencing self care in addition to daily home-based exercise program. In this context, the findings from relevant research may be cited which states that prescription for and adherence to BCRL self care techniques are not optimized but variable for the breast cancer survivors (Brown et al., 2014). The secondary objectives in the given study accounted for vital considerations concerning the impacts of the exercise in quality of life, range of movement (ROM) of the shoulder and operation of the arms associated to BCRL. Recent investigations have also thrown light upon these paraphernalia of BCRL, determining the changes in arm volume following sessions of low and heavy load resistance exercise and prepare prescription guidelines according ly (Bloomquist, 2016). Therefore, the projected objectives in the given study offer scope for further probe into the matter. Methods Trial Design RCT in the chosen study aimed to generate reproducible, authentic results by virtue of eliminating the selection bias. The pilot mode of experiment predicted the feasibility of the research undertaken in terms of time, cost, and adverse consequences if any. Study utilizing the therapeutic effects of Yogic interventions to manage BCRL have also adopted randomized controlled pilot for their research work (Loudon et al., 2014). Hence, the choice of the trial design is found to be appropriate. Participants Careful examination of the medical records for the BCRL patients identified 532 patients to be suitable. The inclusion criterion was the BCRL in unilateral arm with stable swelling for at least 3 months and 10% ELV. Exclusion criteria included previous history for bilateral breast cancer treatment, factors contributing to alteration in limb volumes and documented non-conformity with agreed self care practices. Abiding by the criteria 85 was found to be suitable and invitation along with the Patient information sheet was sent to these potential candidates seeking their approval to participate in the study. Out of the 85, 39 consented to participate. Thereafter by means of rigorous telephonic screening and screening appointments, a handful of 23 participants were finally chosen to be included. 11 out of 23 formed the interventional group, while the remaining 12 comprised the control group. Thus, selection of the subjects was carried out in a stepwise methodical fashion minimizing the negative factors as far as practicable. Interventions The interventional strategy improvised and implemented was in accordance with the standard guidelines and protocols followed to ensure MLD. The exercise recommended for the interventional group (IG) was an amalgamation of breathing, hand pumping as well as gravity resistive isotonic arm exercises. The IG participants were trained and instructed to do the prescribed exercises through demonstrations and necessary follow up was conducted at every encounter to allay any sort of apprehension. Thus the interventions were completely justified. Outcomes As per the predefined primary and secondary measurement outcomes, the measurements and estimations were undertaken. Clinical measurements comprised limb volume assessment through standard optoelectric device, weight and height to calculate the body mass index (BMI), range of movement of the shoulder during each visit in the study tenure at weeks 0, 4, 12 and 26. Functional status and self study report regarding the quality of life (QOL) of the participants were procured as well from relevant questionnaire. Sample Size The population of 23 respondents adds to the sample size in the givens study. All 23 participants out of the originally screened 532 records expressed their willingness to volunteer in the study and fulfilled all the inclusion criteria to be eligible. No breach of participation or any sort of interim analysis was applicable in this particular studied case that favored the reliability of the research. Randomisation Subjects were randomly assigned by virtue of applying sequentially numbered sealed envelopes to either CG or IG. Randomisation was conducted in blocks of six and eight in order to justify the balanced nature of allocation for the respective groups in case the recruitment was not sufficient. Allocation concealment mechanism Allocation of groups was carried out in blocks of six and eight through sequentially numbered sealed envelopes as a measure to maintain balance if subject recruitment was inadequate. Implementation The random allocation scheme was conceptualized by the researchers themselves to suit their research setting. Participants were enrolled under the supervision of two nurses specializing in lymphoedema treatment, three experienced physiotherapists to treat BCRL and two patient users. The interventional approaches and the familiarization trials for all concerned were moderated under the trained care of these healthcare professionals. Blinding In the chosen study, the researcher was blinded to the allocation process and the resulting interventional outcomes. The probability of the ensuing bias and flaws are thus checked due to such blinding on the part of the researcher. Statistical Methods All the statistical analysis was done through the SPSS version 19 software packages setting the level of significance at p0.05. To maintain homogeneity baseline data were evaluated. Distribution of data was noted with the help of histogram as well as calculation encompassing 95% of the population and the non-normal distributed data were presented as median, lower quartile and upper quartile. Non-parametric tests were adopted and for median calculation 95% confidence interval (CI) was considered. Results Participant flow The Figure 1 of the article provided necessary information related to the number of participants allocated to each of the groups of IG and CG, the subjects undergoing approved intended treatments with the outcomes briefed clearly in due course of the weekly follow up trials. Training procedures and the clinical assessment knowledge is also represented diagrammatically in the Figure 1. Recruitment The given study extended for 6 months with the follow up regime fixed for both the IG and CG participants to be at the end of 4th, 12th and 26th weeks. Baseline data for all the participants irrespective of their groups was noted at week 0. For the IG only, exercise technique and sequence followed was monitored at every week of follow up. The outcome variables were constantly assessed in every week for both the groups. Baseline Data Baseline data comprising the demographic and clinical characteristics for each of the participating groups are depicted in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively. However, at the week 0 level of the baseline data, no significant differences among the parameters measured were observed for both the CG and IG. Demographic information includes age, ethnicity, occupation in which the participant is involved and the type of work accustomed to. Clinical parameters encompass a wide range of variables from basic height, weight data to data concerning various treatment modalities and experience encountered due to BCRL (Kwan, 2016). Numbers analyzed The number of participants for each of the two analyses carried in case of week 12 and 26 when compared to week 0 varied as depicted in Table 3 and Table 4 of the studied article. In Table 3, the number of total participants is 23 only with 11 belonging to IG and 12 comprising CG. Contrarily, In Table 4, total participants are 22 with the IG having 10 and CG accounting for 12 subjects. One data in case of Table 4 was omitted on the ground of deviating hugely from the mean value, thus posing as an outlier. The final data analysis was thus based upon data retrieved from Table 4 and the implications of such exclusion reflected on the calculated values of the results through the statistical tools. Outcomes and estimation The changes in swollen limb volume over the 6 months data period have been reported as the primary change outcomes. Decline in absolute volume and relative volume has been recorded as a negative value and the increase as positive amount. The Wilcoxon signed rank test exposed significant reduction in terms of relative ELV at week 12 for both the IG and CG. However at week 26, similar investigation for both the groups revealed no statistical significance (p0.05). Exclusion of the ID6 data due to overriding revealed significant difference at week 26 for both groups, although Mann Whitney test provided no statistical significance among the two groups regarding relative ELV change. Further intriguing into the secondary objectives brought to the forefront no significant improvements in the QOL or ROM. The report of the insignificant improvement in the functioning and neurological symptoms as perceived by the IG during week 12 was not continued till week 26 although they reported of having less severe pain in the forearms. Thus, the effects as indicated in the 95% CI is of relevance to extrapolate the findings and the values obtained through proper statistical analysis to a larger fraction of the population in real life (DiSipio, 2013, Dominick, 2013). Discussion Limitations The chosen article was found to have certain limitations, the prime being the sample size considered for the study. The less number of participants taking part in the study stands on the way of concretely defining the positive implications of such effects. Chances of bias due to less sample size remains that cannot be undone with and serve as an obstacle to extrapolate the results to future studies and research. Exclusion of one of the participants data due to overriding effect may also account for omitting and overlooking some vital underpinning that might have contributed to the desired result. Generalisability The hypothesis as opined in the pilot RCT study has the scope of being carried forwarded and to be utilized in the population context. The idea and concept of the chosen study can then only achieve far reaching consequences and harbor positive outcomes to provide respite patients with similar clinical conditions. Interpretation The pivotal theme of the research considers the positive outcomes due to exercise interventions for the BCRL patients. The findings corroborate with other relevant studies as well that suggest exercise as mode of treatment modality to remedy BCRL (Singh, 2015, Cormie, 2015, Bloomquist, 2014, Singh, 2016, Chang, 2013). Exercise regime for cure of BCRL should essentially comprise of resistance exercise in conjunction with compression therapy and surgical interventions wherever applicable. Practically, evidence based practice is vital to nursing profession to encourage better patient outcomes in patients through following of suitable treatment modalities. Thus researches contribute to provision of necessary information regarding particular clinical condition as in the articles case of BCRL, to favor the evidence based practice in real life cases. References: Bloomquist, K., Hayes, S., Adamsen, L., Mller, T., Christensen, K. B., Ejlertsen, B., Oturai, P. (2016). 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